MONOGRAPH SERIES · U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (MCS 2022-2026) PUBLIC DOMAIN STATISTICAL ARCHIVE · DOI:10.5066/P1WKQ63T

The Global Atlas of Critical Minerals.

Multi-year mine and refinery output (2020-2025), proven geological reserves, Herfindahl-Hirschman (`HHI`) monopoly indices, reserve-to-production (`R/P`) horizons, and U.S. import dependency across 40 critical mineral profiles.

Methodology & Citation Standard: Harmonizes multi-year USGS releases into continuous 2020-2025 country trajectories, calculated HHI supply-concentration scores, and R/P reserve-life ratios.

I. Mineral Profiles 40 58 Listed U.S. Materials

II. Critical Chokepoints 22 Top-3 Share ≥75% / HHI ≥3,500

III. 100% Import Reliant 10 Zero U.S. Primary Output

IV. Producing Nations 39 Quantified Country Ledgers

V. Export Controls 19 Active Raw Ore / Metal Bans

PLATE I · INTERACTIVE PERIODIC SPECIMEN INDEX

40 Critical Mineral Specimens (Filter by Category or Risk)

Al 61%

PLATE II-A · EXTRACTION & REFINING MONOPOLIES

Highest Single-Country Production Dominance (2025)

All HHI Scores →

Gallium (Ga) · China

100.0% (Top-3: 100%)

Niobium (Nb) · Brazil

92.9% (Top-3: 99%)

Bismuth (Bi) · China

87.5% (Top-3: 97%)

Silicon (Si) · China

87.0% (Top-3: 94%)

Magnesium metal (Mg) · China

86.4% (Top-3: 94%)

Tellurium (Te) · China

80.0% (Top-3: 93%)

Tungsten (W) · China

78.8% (Top-3: 85%)

Natural graphite (C) · China

77.8% (Top-3: 86%)

Vanadium (V) · China

74.5% (Top-3: 99%)

Cobalt (Co) · Democratic Republic of the Congo

74.2% (Top-3: 91%)

#1 Country Share #2 & #3 Country Share

PLATE II-B · EXTERNAL SUPPLY EXPOSURE

100% U.S. Net Import-Reliant Critical Minerals

Full NIR Table →

Arsenic (As) Primary U.S. Suppliers: Malaysia (99%)

100% Import

Cesium (Cs) Primary U.S. Suppliers: Classified / Multiple

100% Import

Fluorspar (CaF₂) Primary U.S. Suppliers: Mexico (64%), Vietnam (12%), China (10%)

100% Import

Gallium (Ga) Primary U.S. Suppliers: Canada (28%), Japan (22%), China (18%)

100% Import

Natural graphite (C) Primary U.S. Suppliers: China (46%), Canada (13%), Mozambique (13%)

100% Import

Indium (In) Primary U.S. Suppliers: South Korea (25%), Japan (22%), China (12%)

100% Import

Manganese (Mn) Primary U.S. Suppliers: Gabon (64%), South Africa (24%), Mexico (12%)

100% Import

Niobium (Nb) Primary U.S. Suppliers: Australia (62%), Democratic Republic of the Congo (9%), Mozambique (9%)

100% Import

Scandium (Sc) Primary U.S. Suppliers: Japan (89%), China (11%)

100% Import

Tantalum (Ta) Primary U.S. Suppliers: Australia (64%), Mozambique (10%), Democratic Republic of the Congo (9%)

100% Import

Source: USGS MCS 2026 Figure 2 (U.S. Net Import Reliance) View 19 Export Bans →

PLATE III · MULTI-YEAR EXTRACTION TRAJECTORIES (2020-2025)

Benchmark Energy-Transition & Strategic Mineral Curves

Interactive USGS 2020-2025 series

FIG. 123 · Battery Materials

Lithium Production & Country Share →

Measure: Mine production (metric tons)

#1 Australia

92,000 31.7%

#2 China

62,000 21.4%

#3 Chile

56,000 19.3%

#4 Zimbabwe

28,000 9.7%

#5 Argentina

23,000 7.9%

#6 Brazil

12,000 4.1%

Source: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries (2022-2026) · Unit: metric tons #1 Producer: Australia (31.7% of world output)

REE

FIG. 157 · Magnets & Grid

Rare earths Production & Country Share →

Measure: Mine production (metric tons)

#1 China

270,000 69.2%

#2 United States

51,000 13.1%

#3 Australia

29,000 7.4%

#4 Myanmar

22,000 5.6%

#5 Thailand

4,800 1.2%

#6 India

2,900 0.7%

Source: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries (2022-2026) · Unit: metric tons #1 Producer: China (69.2% of world output)

FIG. 75 · Battery Materials

Cobalt Production & Country Share →

Measure: Mine production (metric tons)

#1 Democratic Republic of the Congo

230,000 74.2%

#2 Indonesia

44,000 14.2%

#3 Russia

7,700 2.5%

#4 Madagascar

3,900 1.3%

#5 Australia

3,700 1.2%

#6 Philippines

3,700 1.2%

Source: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries (2022-2026) · Unit: metric tons #1 Producer: Democratic Republic of the Congo (74.2% of world output)

FIG. 137 · Battery Materials

Nickel Production & Country Share →

Measure: Mine production (metric tons)

#1 Indonesia

2,600,000 66.7%

#2 Philippines

270,000 6.9%

#3 Russia

200,000 5.1%

#4 Canada

140,000 3.6%

#5 New Caledonia

140,000 3.6%

#6 China

120,000 3.1%

Source: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries (2022-2026) · Unit: metric tons #1 Producer: Indonesia (66.7% of world output)

PLATE IV · MASTER STATISTICAL LEDGER

Complete 40-Mineral Production, Concentration & Reserve Ledger

Inspect full Reserves & R/P Ratio Ledger →

Specimen / Mineral	Category	2025 World Output	5Y Change	#1 Producer (Share)	Top-3 Share	HHI	R/P Life	US Import Reliance
Al Aluminum Smelter production	Magnets & Grid	74,000 thousand metric tons	+13.7%	China (60.8%)	71.8%	3,810	-	60%
Sb Antimony Mine production	Aerospace & Defense	110,000 metric tons	-0.9%	China (36.4%)	85.5%	2,616	18.2 yrs	91%
As Arsenic Production (arsenic trioxide, gross weight)	Semiconductors	61,000 metric tons	+1.7%	Peru (49.2%)	96.7%	4,037	-	100%
BaSO₄ Barite Mine production	Nuclear & Specialty	8,700 thousand metric tons	-	India (34.5%)	71.3%	2,075	-	>75%
Ore Bauxite Bauxite, mine production	Magnets & Grid	440,000 thousand metric dry tons	+12.5%	Guinea (34.1%)	75.9%	2,141	65.9 yrs	>75%
Be Beryllium Mine production	Aerospace & Defense	430 metric tons	+72.0%	United States (53.5%)	90.0%	3,615	-	Net Exporter
Bi Bismuth Refinery production	Aerospace & Defense	16,000 metric tons	-15.3%	China (87.5%)	96.9%	7,716	-	92%
B Boron Salient Statistics	Nuclear & Specialty	Salient Only	-	Not ranked	-	-	-	Net Exporter
Cs Cesium Salient Statistics	Nuclear & Specialty	Salient Only	-	Not ranked	-	-	-	100%
Cr Chromium Mine production	Aerospace & Defense	51,000 thousand metric tons	+37.8%	South Africa (45.1%)	76.5%	2,613	10.6 yrs	79%
Co Cobalt Mine production	Battery Materials	310,000 metric tons	+118.3%	Democratic Republic of the Congo (74.2%)	90.9%	5,720	38.7 yrs	79%
Cu Copper Mine production	Magnets & Grid	23,000 thousand metric tons	+11.7%	Chile (23.0%)	48.7%	1,037	42.6 yrs	57%
CaF₂ Fluorspar Mine production	Industrial & Agri	10,000 thousand metric tons	+21.4%	China (60.0%)	90.0%	4,074	33 yrs	100%
Ga Gallium Primary production	Semiconductors	900,000 kilograms	+175.2%	China (100.0%)	100.0%	10,000	-	100%
Ge Germanium Salient Statistics	Semiconductors	Salient Only	-	Not ranked	-	-	-	>50%
C Natural graphite Mine production	Battery Materials	1,800,000 metric tons	+86.3%	China (77.8%)	86.4%	6,114	172.2 yrs	100%
In Indium Refinery production	Semiconductors	1,100 metric tons	+14.6%	China (69.1%)	91.4%	5,096	-	100%
Pb Lead Mine production	Battery Materials	4,500 thousand metric tons	+2.7%	China (42.2%)	59.3%	2,067	21.1 yrs	33%
Li Lithium Mine production	Battery Materials	290,000 metric tons	+251.5%	Australia (31.7%)	72.4%	2,024	127.6 yrs	>50%
Mg Magnesium metal Smelter production	Aerospace & Defense	1,100 thousand metric tons	+10.0%	China (86.4%)	93.6%	7,498	-	>75%
Mn Manganese Mine production	Battery Materials	20,000 thousand metric tons	+5.8%	South Africa (38.0%)	73.0%	2,280	85 yrs	100%
Ni Nickel Mine production	Battery Materials	3,900,000 metric tons	+55.4%	Indonesia (66.7%)	78.7%	4,559	35.9 yrs	41%
Nb Niobium Mine production	Aerospace & Defense	112,000 metric tons	+65.4%	Brazil (92.9%)	99.1%	8,652	187.5 yrs	100%
P Phosphate rock Mine production	Battery Materials	250,000 thousand metric tons	+14.2%	China (44.0%)	66.4%	2,300	292 yrs	16%
PGM Platinum-group metals Mine production: Palladium	Nuclear & Specialty	190,000 kilograms	-	Russia (44.2%)	89.5%	3,456	400 yrs	57%
K₂O Potash Mine production	Industrial & Agri	49,000 thousand metric tons	+11.4%	Canada (30.6%)	63.9%	1,764	120.4 yrs	92%
REE Rare earths Mine production	Magnets & Grid	390,000 metric tons	+62.5%	China (69.2%)	89.7%	5,054	217.9 yrs	67%
Re Rhenium Mine production	Aerospace & Defense	81,000 kilograms	+36.6%	Chile (37.0%)	74.1%	2,370	-	75%
Rb Rubidium Salient Statistics	Nuclear & Specialty	Salient Only	-	Not ranked	-	-	-	Not Reported
Sc Scandium Salient Statistics	Aerospace & Defense	Salient Only	-	Not ranked	-	-	-	100%
Si Silicon Silicon metal	Semiconductors	4,600 thousand metric tons	-	China (87.0%)	93.7%	7,589	-	<50%
Ag Silver Mine production	Magnets & Grid	26,000 metric tons	+10.6%	Mexico (24.2%)	51.1%	1,121	23.5 yrs	77%
Ta Tantalum Mine production	Semiconductors	2,500 metric tons	+19.0%	Democratic Republic of the Congo (52.0%)	83.6%	3,279	-	100%
Te Tellurium Refinery production	Magnets & Grid	1,000 metric tons	+77.9%	China (80.0%)	92.8%	6,493	-	>25%
Sn Tin Mine production	Semiconductors	290,000 metric tons	+9.8%	China (24.5%)	56.9%	1,436	20.7 yrs	77%
Ti Titanium minerals Mine production: ilmenite	Aerospace & Defense	9,400 thousand metric tons	-	China (34.0%)	68.1%	1,897	52.1 yrs	88%
W Tungsten Mine production	Aerospace & Defense	85,000 metric tons	+8.4%	China (78.8%)	85.2%	6,255	55.3 yrs	>50%
V Vanadium Mine production	Battery Materials	110,000 metric tons	+4.8%	China (74.5%)	98.5%	5,965	190.9 yrs	41%
Zn Zinc Mine production	Industrial & Agri	13,000 thousand metric tons	+8.3%	China (31.5%)	51.5%	1,343	18.5 yrs	Net Exporter
Zr / Hf Zirconium & hafnium Zirconium mineral concentrates, mine production (thousand metric tons, gross weight)	Nuclear & Specialty	1,200 thousand metric tons	0.0%	Australia (33.3%)	69.2%	1,996	58.3 yrs	<25%