Vanadium - Production, Reserves & Supply Concentration
An alloying metal used in steels and in vanadium redox flow batteries.Production is measured in tonnes of vanadium content. Reserve figures are converted from the report column's thousand-tonne unit into tonnes.
Vanadium Global Production & Country Share
Measure: Mine production (metric tons)
Vanadium Production by Country (2020-2025)
Mine production · Unit: metric tons
| Rank | Country | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025e | Share | 5Y Chg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| #1 | China | 70,000 | 70,300 | 66,900 | 68,000 | 84,000 | 82,000 | 74.5% | +17.1% |
| #2 | Russia | 19,500 | 20,100 | 20,000 | 20,000 | 21,000 | 21,000 | 19.1% | +7.7% |
| #3 | Brazil | 6,620 | 5,780 | 5,840 | 6,400 | 5,190 | 5,300 | 4.8% | -19.9% |
| #4 | South Africa | 8,580 | 8,800 | 8,870 | 9,100 | 8,050 | 5,000 | 4.5% | -41.7% |
| - | World Total | 105,000 | 105,000 | 102,000 | 100,000 | 118,000 | 110,000 | 100.0% | +4.8% |
Vanadium Proven Reserves by Country (2025)
Basis: Reserves · Unit: metric tons · Global Implied Reserve Life: 190.9 years
| Rank | Country | Reserves (metric tons) | World Share | USGS Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| #1 | Australia | 10,000,000 | 47.6% | See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources. - For Australia, Joint Ore Reserves Committee-compliant or equivalent reserves were 2.3 million tons. Converted from thousand metric tons in the report reserve column; the CSV unit label is inconsistent. |
| #2 | China | 5,800,000 | 27.6% | See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources. Converted from thousand metric tons in the report reserve column; the CSV unit label is inconsistent. |
| #3 | Russia | 5,000,000 | 23.8% | See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources. Converted from thousand metric tons in the report reserve column; the CSV unit label is inconsistent. |
| #4 | South Africa | 520,000 | 2.5% | See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources. Converted from thousand metric tons in the report reserve column; the CSV unit label is inconsistent. |
| #5 | Brazil | 94,000 | 0.4% | See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources. Converted from thousand metric tons in the report reserve column; the CSV unit label is inconsistent. |
| #6 | United States | 50,000 | 0.2% | See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources. Converted from thousand metric tons in the report reserve column; the CSV unit label is inconsistent. |
| - | World Total Reserves | 21,000,000 | 100.0% | See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources. Converted from thousand metric tons in the report reserve column; the CSV unit label is inconsistent. |
U.S. Supply, Consumption & Net Import Reliance (2021-2025)
| Salient Measure | Unit | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025e |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vanadium: Production from primary ore and concentrate | metric tons | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Vanadium: Production from ash, residues, and spent catalysts | metric tons | 3,200 | 4,400 | 6,500 | 6,800 | 7,500 |
| Vanadium: Imports for consumption: Aluminum-vanadium master alloy | metric tons | 35 | 104 | 221 | 67 | 10 |
| Vanadium: Imports for consumption: Ash and residues | metric tons | 1,680 | 2,240 | 3,140 | 2,180 | 1,200 |
| Vanadium: Imports for consumption: Ferrovanadium | metric tons | 2,170 | 2,650 | 2,330 | 1,820 | 2,200 |
| Vanadium: Imports for consumption: Oxides and hydroxides, other | metric tons | 69 | 222 | 151 | 139 | 460 |
| Vanadium: Imports for consumption: Vanadium chemicals | metric tons | 846 | 722 | 430 | 528 | 560 |
| Vanadium: Imports for consumption: Vanadium metal | metric tons | 1 | 28 | 20 | 9 | 30 |
| Vanadium: Imports for consumption: Vanadium ores and concentrates | metric tons | 4 | 492 | 674 | 395 | 90 |
| Vanadium: Imports for consumption: Vanadium pentoxide | metric tons | 1,710 | 1,980 | 2,320 | 2,360 | 1,800 |
| Vanadium: Exports: Aluminum-vanadium master alloy | metric tons | 72 | 28 | 36 | 83 | 22 |
| Vanadium: Exports: Ash and residues | metric tons | 930 | 1,130 | 905 | 955 | 580 |
| Vanadium: Exports: Ferrovanadium | metric tons | 173 | 154 | 159 | 68 | 10 |
| Vanadium: Exports: Oxides and hydroxides, other | metric tons | 235 | 309 | 142 | 404 | 380 |
| Vanadium: Exports: Vanadium metal | metric tons | 4 | 8 | 38 | 3 | 2 |
| Vanadium: Exports: Vanadium ores and concentrates | metric tons | 81 | 185 | 160 | 17 | 20 |
| Vanadium: Exports: Vanadium pentoxide | metric tons | 17 | 143 | 28 | 93 | 140 |
| Vanadium: Consumption: Apparent | metric tons | 8,200 | 10,900 | 14,300 | 12,700 | 13,000 |
| Vanadium: Consumption: Reported | metric tons | 8,030 | 7,510 | 8,000 | 8,500 | 9,000 |
| Vanadium: U.S. Net Import Reliance | % of consumption | 61% | 60% | 55% | 46% | 41% |
Frequently Asked Questions - Vanadium
Which country leads vanadium production (mine production)?
China leads the 2025 USGS country table for mine production, with 82,000 metric tons (estimated) (74.5% of the reported world total). World output was 110,000 metric tons in 2025.
Which country holds the largest reported vanadium reserves?
Australia ranks first in the USGS reserve table, with 10,000,000 metric tons (Reserves) (47.6% of the reported world total) against a reported world total of 21,000,000 metric tons.
What is US net import reliance and import sourcing for vanadium?
In 2025, US net import reliance was reported at 41% (Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption). Across 2021-24, leading US import sources (Ferrovanadium) were Canada (50%), Austria (35%), Russia (6%).
How is vanadium classified on the US Critical Minerals List and what are its primary uses?
Status: Listed on 2025 US List (2022 & 2025 lists). Primary applications cited in USGS summaries include: High-strength reinforcing steel (rebar) and structural steels, titanium-aluminum-vanadium aerospace alloys, sulfuric acid catalysts, and vanadium redox flow batteries. Vanadium is recovered from vanadiferous titanomagnetite iron-making slags, primary vanadium mines, and spent petroleum catalysts/residues. Mine production is reported in metric tons of contained vanadium; reserve figures in the report are converted from thousand metric tons to metric tons.