Platinum-group metals - Production, Reserves & Supply Concentration
A family of metals used in catalysts, electronics and specialised industrial applications.Mine production is reported separately for platinum and palladium. Reserve estimates cover the platinum-group metals collectively.
Platinum-group metals Global Production & Country Share
Measure: Mine production: Palladium (kilograms)
Platinum-group metals Production by Country (2020-2025)
Mine production: Palladium · Unit: kilograms
| Rank | Country | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025e | Share | 5Y Chg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| #1 | Russia | 23,000 | 21,000 | 20,000 | - | 89,000 | 84,000 | 44.2% | +265.2% |
| #2 | South Africa | 112,000 | 142,000 | 124,000 | 120,000 | 82,600 | 70,000 | 36.8% | -37.5% |
| #3 | Canada | 7,000 | 6,000 | 5,400 | 5,500 | 17,000 | 16,000 | 8.4% | +128.6% |
| #4 | Zimbabwe | 15,000 | 14,700 | 17,000 | 19,000 | 15,200 | 15,000 | 7.9% | 0.0% |
| #5 | United States | 4,200 | 4,200 | - | - | 10,200 | 6,200 | 3.3% | +47.6% |
| - | World Total | - | - | - | - | 217,000 | 190,000 | 100.0% | - |
Platinum-group metals Proven Reserves by Country (2025)
Basis: PGM reserves · Unit: kilograms · Global Implied Reserve Life: 400 years
| Rank | Country | Reserves (kilograms) | World Share | USGS Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| #1 | South Africa | 63,000,000 | - | See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources. |
| #2 | Russia | 11,000,000 | - | Estimated. - See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources. - Reserves for Russia are based on the State Committee of Reserves of the Russian Federation (GKZ) classification system A+B+C1+C2, where C2 are reserves in deposits that are indicated but not being developed or prepared for development. C2 reserves were excluded here. |
| #3 | Zimbabwe | 1,300,000 | - | See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources. |
| #4 | United States | 590,000 | - | See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources. |
| #5 | Canada | 310,000 | - | See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources. |
| - | World Total Reserves | 76,000,000 | 100.0% | See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources. |
U.S. Supply, Consumption & Net Import Reliance (2021-2025)
| Salient Measure | Unit | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025e |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Palladium: Mine production: Palladium | kilograms | 13,700 | 10,100 | 10,300 | 10,200 | 6,200 |
| Platinum: Mine production: Platinum | kilograms | 4,020 | 3,000 | 3,040 | 3,010 | 1,800 |
| Palladium: Imports for consumption: Palladium | kilograms | 72,600 | 65,200 | 66,900 | 68,300 | 92,000 |
| Platinum: Imports for consumption: Platinum | kilograms | 67,900 | 64,200 | 66,800 | 70,500 | 99,000 |
| Platinum-Group Metals: Imports for consumption: PGM waste and scrap | kilograms | 160,000 | 41,500 | 32,100 | 52,800 | 150,000 |
| Iridium: Imports for consumption: Iridium | kilograms | 2,310 | 1,610 | 2,040 | 1,360 | 2,200 |
| Osmium: Imports for consumption: Osmium | kilograms | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 57 |
| Rhodium: Imports for consumption: Rhodium | kilograms | 16,500 | 13,200 | 12,100 | 14,500 | 14,000 |
| Ruthenium: Imports for consumption: Ruthenium | kilograms | 18,000 | 13,300 | 10,800 | 9,780 | 14,000 |
| Palladium: Exports: Palladium | kilograms | 43,900 | 42,200 | 33,600 | 39,900 | 18,000 |
| Platinum: Exports: Platinum | kilograms | 29,400 | 23,100 | 11,300 | 11,700 | 17,000 |
| Platinum-Group Metals: Exports: PGM waste and scrap | kilograms | 37,800 | 35,200 | 13,900 | 13,600 | 24,000 |
| Rhodium: Exports: Rhodium | kilograms | 1,350 | 717 | 453 | 766 | 340 |
| Platinum-Group Metals: Exports: Other PGMs | kilograms | 2,180 | 1,010 | 845 | 2,050 | 2,700 |
| Palladium: Consumption, apparent: Palladium | kilograms | 81,400 | 74,100 | 88,500 | 83,600 | 130,000 |
| Platinum: Consumption, apparent: Platinum | kilograms | 51,100 | 52,900 | 67,100 | 68,900 | 92,000 |
| Platinum-Group Metals: Employment, mine, number | number | 1,600 | 1,560 | 1,450 | 901 | 810 |
| Palladium: U.S. Net Import Reliance | % of consumption | 35% | 31% | 38% | 34% | 57% |
| Platinum: U.S. Net Import Reliance | % of consumption | 75% | 78% | 83% | 85% | 89% |
Frequently Asked Questions - Platinum-group metals
Which country leads palladium production (mine production: palladium)?
Russia leads the 2025 USGS country table for mine production: palladium, with 84,000 kilograms (estimated) (44.2% of the reported world total). World output was 190,000 kilograms in 2025.
Which country leads platinum production (mine production: platinum)?
South Africa leads the 2025 USGS country table for mine production: platinum, with 120,000 kilograms (estimated) (70.6% of the reported world total). World output was 170,000 kilograms in 2025.
Which country holds the largest reported platinum-group metals reserves?
South Africa ranks first in the USGS reserve table, with 63,000,000 kilograms (PGM reserves) against a reported world total of >76,000,000 kilograms.
What is US net import reliance and import sourcing for platinum-group metals?
In 2025, US net import reliance was reported at 57% (Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption: Palladium). Across 2021-24, leading US import sources (Palladium) were South Africa (37%), Russia (36%), Belgium (6%).
How is platinum-group metals classified on the US Critical Minerals List and what are its primary uses?
Status: Group profile (5 listed PGMs) (2022 & 2025 lists). Primary applications cited in USGS summaries include: Automotive catalytic converters, chemical and petroleum refining catalysts, hydrogen fuel cells, electronics, and glass manufacturing equipment. The five listed PGMs-platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, and ruthenium-occur together in ultramafic layered intrusions and nickel-copper sulfide ores. USGS tabulates mine output separately for platinum and palladium and combines all PGMs for reserves.